Analyse how the adoption of emerging and disruptive technologies for money laundering is adding new layers of complexity to an already intricate issue. Also, highlight the measures taken to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels.

Section 3 of the Money Laundering Act defines money laundering as any act that seeks to legitimise the proceeds from any illegitimate sources Increasing complexity due to adoption of emerging and disruptive technologies: i Already intricate issue: Billions of trans actions aimed at placing integration already difficult to intercept (45 million daily transactions in CBIL) ii Use of Cryptocurrencies: Decentralised nature of ledger makes it difficult to track and trace (Bangalore case) iii Fraud 'Smart Contracts' used to

mesh illegitimate deeds iv Almost instantaneous transfer of funds even across geographies helps law enforcement agencies v Wallets based on Blockchain almost impossible to crack open, prevent LTO from being able to build case in courts Measures Taken I National Level: i Legislative measures: - Amendments to PMLA 2002, NIA 2008 and UAPA, FCRA/FEMA ii Institutional bodies like FU-India, NATGRID, CETNS, IAC, NETRA to track transactions, real-time + ED for enforcement iii Policy effort: National Cybersecurity Strategy 2017 II Police & law & order: - Recruitment of lateral cyber security Hackers by Rakshit Pandon III Use of AI/ML to track transaction of banks like SBI / HDFC plus strict norms for KYC IV International level: i Money Laundering framework under GFU, FATF, G7 ii Conventions like Brussels Convention, Vienna Convention, Basel Committee iii Collaboration on enforcement and extradition under WAEPL