The increasing frequency and sophistication of cyberattacks pose a significant threat to national security. Discuss the major challenges in ensuring cybersecurity in the country and enumerate the measures taken by the government in this regard.

India is the 2nd most vulnerable nation to cyberattacks globally. IT houses 2nd most digital users and 3rd most internet users globally. Cyberattack threat to national security: (1) Vulnerability of critical information infrastructure due to digitization. (CDPI dependence) (2) Cyberattacks have led to causing $12 billion loss of India's economy. (2) Digital transactions amount to 67% of financial transactions. - Vulnerability to cyberattacks. (4) Data privacy issue due to biometric linkage of Aadhaar.

Challenges to cyber security: (1) Digital illiteracy and financial illiteracy. (e.g.) Increasing menace of digital unrest. (2) Inadequate cybersecurity infrastructure in smartphones. (e.g.) Virus penetration in android phones. (3) Multiplicity of laws, overlapping contradicting cybersecurity laws. (4) Lack of trained cybersecurity personnel. - Around 30,000 vacancies pending. (5) Dependence on foreign servers for data storage. (6) Rise in sophisticated cyberattacks. (e.g.) Password spraying, spamming. (7) Rapid charging technology and possibility of distant attacks. (8) Difficult to identify source of attack.