Question Q.18GS3GS3

Often referred to as the 'cradle of civilization' and 'growth engines', urban areas are increasingly experiencing various natural and man-made disasters. Discuss in the Indian context. Also, suggest suitable mitigation and management strategies.

Introduction

Urban areas are predicted to house around 50% of Indian population by 2030. This huge population is a vulnerable to increased incidences of disasters.

24 words

Main Body

Flooding in Dereasan, Heat waves in Delhi, Earthquakes near Kulu, Floods in Gumnaat, Stampedes in Bangalore, Water crisis in Chennai, Tropical cyclones near coasts. Fig: Disasters in urban areas of India. Increasing incidence of disasters: a Natural disaster: (1) Increased urban heat island effect in continental cities.

2Frequent intense tropical cyclones are due to warming oceans. (e.g.) Cyclones affecting Bhutaniswar. (3) Glacial lake outbursts, river flooding impacting himalayan cities. (4) Coastal degradation and floods vulnerability is along 70% of coastal area. (5) 12-6% of land area in India is landslide prone → Wayantad landslide. b Man-made disaster: (1) Stampedes, overcrowding in the cities. (2) River water pollution contributes to water stress → 60% of pollution due to industrial effluents. (3) Mercury, arsenic poisoning in groundwater (e.g. Cities of Punjab, Haryana). (4) Epidemic, viral outbreaks (e.g. Dengue epidemic, pune).

Measures for mitigation: (1) Hazard proofing and mapping to ensure preparedness. Best practicesProofing of cities. (2) Development early warning Sendai Framework systems and monitoring for earthquake systems. (3) Information dissemination through digital apps (e.g) Sagar Vani App for Tsunami. (4) Development of bio disaster resilient infrastructure (e.g) MFLOODS of Mumbai. (5) Issuing alerts for disaster risk reduction (e.g) Capacity building, community preparedness campaigns. (6) Formation of Special Purpose Vehicles for mitigation of disaster (e.g) Evacuation teamsNDRF, multiple entry-exit pointsStampede. NDMA guidelines, 2005 are a guiding light for protecting urban areas that contribute almost 55% to Indian GDP.

242 words1 paragraphs

Diagram

Map showing disasters in urban areas of India with locations marked including flooding in Dereasan, heat waves in Delhi, earthquakes near Kulu, floods in Gumnaat, stampedes in Bangalore, water crisis in Chennai, and tropical cyclones near coasts.

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Page 43

Topper

ANKITA ANIL PATIL

AIR 1402025

Subject & Paper

GS3GS3

Topic

Disaster Management

Urban floods

Disasters in Urban Areas

Writing Stats

266

Total words

Paragraphs

analytical

Tone