The actualization of a seamless urban mass transport is hackled by a slew of factors. Identifying these factors, recommend measures to create a robust paradigm for urban mass transit.

Urban mass transport refers to modes of transport such as metro-rail, un buses, rapid rails that help in movement of people effectively and efficiently. Seamless urban mass transport can help in: - Reducing congestion on roads - Cheaper and effective mode - Safer - Reduced pollution However, its actualization is hackled by a slew of factors such as: i Unplanned urbanization: leading to = a) difficulty in setting up a transport system that works effective. b) Long transit routes between place of

work and residence. ii Infrastructure issues: a) Lack of road connectivity and properly paved roads. b) Low number of buses or metro-rails that could handle the population. iii Poor management - leading to delays. This makes people shift to personal vehicles. iv Rapid urbanization: demand-supply mismatch. v Lack of effective policies - favoring personal transportation. vi Low capacity of public sector due to shortage of funds and capability vii Social pride and respect associated with owning private vehicle.

Measures to create a robust paradigm for urban transport: i Effective and efficient management of present transportation system. ii Transit-oriented development model to reduce transit distance. iii Inclusion of PPP models such as HAM for funding and technology infusion. iv Policy support to incentivize the use of urban transport. Eg Delhi government free buses for women v Multi-modal connectivity for interoperability of transport system. vi Common mobility and for seamless payment Seamless urban transport is the need considering rapid urbanization and India's goal of achieving climate targets.