Despite geo-strategic instability of its region and a keen awareness of the cyber threat it faces, India has made only modest progress in developing its policy and doctrine for cyberspace security. Critically examine.

Cyber security refers to preventive measures to protect network, data and systems from cyber threats, eg malware (trojan horse), hacking, etc. India faces cyber threats from strategically hostile neighbours like Pakistan, China as traditional foe is not possible. India's progress and initiatives towards cybersecurity:

1. National Critical Information Infrastructure protection center & firewall against attacks NCIIPC 2. Cyber forensic laboratories in time, Bengaluru 3. Cyber centre for excellence (science of de-encryption) at Kolkata 4. National cyber coordination centre to manage & guide against attacks from state point. 5. CERT-In (Centre Computer emergency response team - India) need urgently for emergency in attacks. 6.1. Decentralised sector wise CERT-In made of in defence and DIN-CERT in financial sector. 7. Information technology act, 2000 that criminalises hacking, privacy breach, use of cyber-space for illegal activities of pornography.

8. International cooperation - 8.1. Global conference on cyber space held biennial from 2001. India hosted in 2017. 8.2. Commonwealth declaration on cyber space, 2013. 8.3. Budapest convention, 2001. Issues - 1. National policy on cyber security has not included e-commerce 2. Inadequate emphasis on training of manpower. India has moved forward on cybersecurity and emphasis on built-in security devices rather than add-on is must.