The growing influx of tourists in Himalayan states has breached their ecological carrying capacity, leading to significant man-made disasters. What measures can be implemented to prevent such disasters while promoting sustainable tourism? Discuss with relevant examples.

According to Uttarakhand govt, more than 5 lakh devotees & tourists entered state between January 2024 & July 2024. Breached Ecological Carrying Capacity means capacity that can be sustainably carved by environment or causes disaster. Eg. 2013 Kedarnath floods. Significant Man-Made Disaster: (1) Cona Subsidence: Seen in Poshimah in 2023 due to over tourism. (2) Floods: Seen every year in Himachal Pradesh due to

Beas & Dravid River. (3) Landslides: Seen in Uttarakhand (Chedanath in 2024) (4) Pomport Pollution: Seen in HP, J&K & Ladakh (Light pollutant) Measures to Prevent Disaster: Data driven Approach: Ensure empirical data used to make policies Respont Natural Capacity: No over learning Build Resilience: in local community to ensure less vulnerability. Eg. Aapda Mitra Scheme Sustainable Land-Use: to prevent accidents. Eg. Uttarshi Scheme Study & Search: on Himalayan ecosystem. Eg. National Mission on Himalayas Collaborate: with state to prevent disaster (DM Act, 2005)

Measures for Sustainable Tourism: (1) Nature-Based Tourism: is like with carrying capacity. Eg. House-stays (2) Limit Tourism: by issue limited passes every year (3) Train local communities: on need & scope of sustainable tourism. (4) Dharamshela Declaration: is be allowed to promote tourism & environment (5) Promote Wildlife Tourism in all form. Eg. Medical, Pet, heliscope