Why is there a need for innovative Public-Private Partnership (PPP) strategies to address the challenges in municipal infrastructure and service delivery in India?

India's municipal governance is marked by poor service delivery leading the crisis of living in cities as evident from traffic congestions, poor quality of water. Need for PPP to address challenges in municipal infrastructure and service delivery: 1) Lack of funds with government due to low municipal tax base 2) Lack of specialized manpower/support to tackle modern city urban challenges 3) Lack of accountability in government centers during budget implementation 4) Increasing population of urban areas leading to stress on infrastructure and SOL by 2050 (World Bank) 5) High corruption in urban projects like road tenders, pace quoting 6) Poor use of technology in processing and service delivery 7) Fixing demand of cities in services due to rising source in cities 8) Lack of capacity of government to solve urban crisis 9) Monopoly of government waste vehicles and monopoly of disease handling 10) Lack of buses on quality and maintenance of infrastructure 11) Private sector can bring efficient operations and cost-effective solutions Innovative PPP strategies can make cities a growth hub and provide ease of living to citizens ensuring (SDG-11) sustainable cities and communities.