While examining the shortcomings of the land reforms in the past, elaborate what land reforms 2.0 should look like. (Answer in 250 words)

Land reforms 1.0 components: - Tenancy laws - Land ceiling - Land consolidation - Abolition of zamindari system Shortcomings of land reforms: (1) Inadequate implementation of zamindari abolition where with connivance with officials, they retained land (2) Ambiguity in provisions - personal cultivation clause was bluntly missed to remove tenants (3) Improper land ceiling limits - providing household/family ceilings along with individual ones - led to large benami transactions (4) Failure of land consolidation - farmers were hesitant to loose land ownership titles (apprehensions, not resolved) (5) Forceful eviction of tenants using coercion and threats Thus landless farmer became more marginalised and vulnerable. This calls for land reforms 2.0. Land reforms 2.0 needed: (1) Digitisation of land records - to provide conclusive titling to owners - PM DILRMP, Svamitva scheme

Land reforms 2.0 needed continued: (2) Land consolidation 2.0 - by incorporating private sector to help create economies of scale - Land Banks (3) Improvement in R&D - to help improve soil quality - Soil Health Card should be enhanced to capture more parametricity (4) Focus on Farmer Producer Organisations which can consolidate land of farmers to improve their bargaining power (5) Investment in Technology like GIS for land mapping and precision agriculture

Land reforms 2.0 needed continued: (6) Move away from technology fatigue Conclusion: Land reforms 2.0 holds immense potential to safeguard nations food security, Annadatas welfare as well as to present India as equal society