While examining the shortcomings of the land reforms in the past, elaborate what land reforms 2.0 should look like.

Land reforms are institutional reforms bringing out change in existing patterns of ownership & tenancy of land. Shortfalls of land reforms of past: (1) Failed to consolidate land holdings due to various exemptions & misuse of family holdings provision (Top 10% of own 45% of land) (2) Lack of political will due to landlords being a powerful political class (3) Less than 1.1% of total land was actually redistributed (4) Resistance by land mafias (5) High judicial pendency => 2/3 rd of pending cases are land disputes (6) Poor maintenance of land records (7) Significant variations across States (Land = State subject) (8) Challenges in land acquisition => 20.1% of infrastructure projects delayed due to it

Land Reforms 2.0: (1) Digitization of land records (Bando padkiya ammitter) => 92% coverage of DILRMP (2) Use of technology => Blockchain land records in Andhra (3) Use of GIS mapping to create land maps (4) Adoption of conclusive land tilting to avoid future disputes (5) Fast track courts to dispose land cases (6) Integrate digital land records with e-courts (7) Promote coordination among various departments, the survey, mapping etc. (8) Model land zoning at should be adopted for EoD of doing business (9) Promoting land pooling via FPOs to boost farmer income (Dalwai committee) Land reforms 2.0 are needed as India aims to become developed nation by 2047

Additional measures: (4) Adoption of conclusive land titling to avoid future disputes (5) Fast track courts to dispose land cases (6) Integrate digital land records with e-courts (7) Promote coordination among various departments like survey, mapping etc. (8) Model land zoning at should be adopted for Ease of doing business (9) Promoting land pooling via FPOs to boost farmer income (Dalwai committee) ISRO cartosol data (4) Adoption of conclusive land titling to avoid future disputes (5) Fast track courts to dispose land cases (6) Integrate digital land records with e-courts (7) Promote coordination among various departments like survey, mapping etc. (8) Model land zoning should be adopted for Ease of doing business (9) Promoting land pooling via FPOs to boost farmer income (Dalwai committee) Land Reforms 2.0 are needed as India aims to become developed nation by 2047