Waste circularity is emerging as a sustainable solution to India's mounting solid waste crisis. Discuss the key principles of waste circularity and the government's initiative in this regard. How effective have these measures been in fostering a circular economy? (Answer in 250 words)

Circular economy in India is referred to as the approach of reduce, reuse, recycle, promoting sustainable development, achieving Panchayat target of CoE. Waste to energy plants-generating energy -> Degradation of waste eg Indore energy biomas plants -> renewable energy. Pre-treatment of hazardous waste eg Biomedical waste, rehsining eg Plastics in producing eg E-waste.

Government Initiatives: (1) Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 - reducing prevalence of non-biodegradable waste and banning of single use plastic. (2) Extended Producer Responsibility EPR - returning of plastics in electronics of life use. (3) Legislation of waste - under Swach Bharat Mission. (4) Waste to energy plants eg under Biomedical waste rules, 2018. (5) New research & innovation eg under ANRF for new techniques eg Sensors. (6) Awareness - in recycling of waste products eg via social media.

Effectiveness of Measures: (1) Generating awareness - on impact on environment eg Microplastics. (2) Accountability of Producers - in recycling of e-waste. (3) Reduced open dumping - by use of social media & naming & shaming. lack of maintenance eg waste not collected from tablets in rural areas. Challenges: -> Open landfills eg Ghaziabad - during in sea - causing acidification and indirectly loss. Corruption i.e. bureaucrat pattern nexus. Thus, need is for strict measures and international standards eg Global Plastic Treaty BURNI and general accountability of side industries and developed nation for contribution of fund.