India is vulnerable to a large number of natural disasters on account of its unique geo-climatic conditions. Elaborate with examples.

Indian geography is blessed with all kinds of geographical features like mountains, plateaus, coastal region, semi-arid region. But with this it is also exposed to a long range of vulnerabilities to various natural hazards/disasters. Out of 36 Indian states, UTs, 27 are at risk of major natural disaster. 98.61% of land prone to earthquakes 8000 km sq area - coastal region for hydrological disaster- cyclones, tsunamis. Geological sensitive zones such as Himalayas, western ghats, eastern India is prone to landslides. The great northern plain's perennial rivers in front to floods Semi-arid & cold region in West are prone to drought like conditions. India is among the top-to most disaster prone countries in the world. Due to it unique geographic, climatic & socio-economic conditions - it is prone to various disasters as follows: 1) Cycloney: Due to it location in between 30°N & a equator it is prone to temperate cyclones. Around 5-6 cyclones on an average hit the Indian peninsula every year, but of which 2-3 are very severe.

India has a coast line of 7500 kms approx to 16 states & UTs together form this boundary, so cyclones are usually more severe on the eastern & coast compared to western coast. 2) Earthquaky: 58% of area of land in India is under earthquake prone zone. This is due to presence of joint zones of fault mountains, i.e Himalayas leading to formation of fastest lines which are high in tectonic activity. These, the north-eastern states, Bihar, Uttarakhand are prone to earthquake. There is a fault line in gulf of Kutch leading to the earthquake in 2001 - very devastating. 3) Floods: The northern plains of India are home to numerous perennial rivers such as Banga, Yamuna, Kosi. These rivers along Indian terrain, due to high annual rainfall, Kerala floods due to high annual rainfall & monsoonal rains often lead to these as ecological sensitive area, Buffer due to these as has seen in Bihar all-time. Kerala floods due to high annual rainfall. 4) Landslidity: The western ghats, Himalayan region, North-eastern states, Andaman & Nicobar are areas prone to large number of landslides due to cloud-burst, surface water runoff, young topography.

Eg: It has recently been in Wayanad landslides due to undertype development activities in the eastern ghats. 5) Droughts: The western states of India which include Rajasthan, Maharashtra are arid & semi-arid in nature of receive less annual rainfall as compared to other parts of the country. There they are more prone to drought like conditions. 68.7% of country is prone to drought like condition. 6) Wildfire: India's forested regions suffer from wildfire from time to time in dry seasons. Eg: Uttarakhand in 2016. 7) Heatwaves: India experiences extreme heatwaves in the north of April to May. They is majorly seen in cities in northern states. It is explained above it is clear that India suffers from varied form of disasters in different locations. Thus NDMA, LOOS was enacted to tackle these disasters under a competent authority effectively.