According to a recent scientific assessment, the ozone hole, once considered to be the gravest danger to planetary life, is now expected to be repaired by 2066. In this context, discuss the various measures taken for ozone hole recovery.

=> People faced are more prone from skin burns, skin cancer, gene mutations, cataract, it hampers other organisms as well. => Various initiatives were taken to tackle the issue: I] Vienna Convention 1985: This was for protection of Ozone layer, by promoting internal cooperation & 2nd each on ozone depletion. It studied the causes of ozone depletion, shared information & develop a strategy to reduce the depletion. II] The Montreal Protocol on substances that Deplete Ozone layer, 1987: Legally binding treaty that aimed to phase out the production & consumption of nearly 100 man-made chemicals released to as ozone depleting substances ODS Ozone Fund was set up in 1990 to support developing countries in their efforts to phase out the use of ODS. III] Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol 2016: It aims at phase down of Hydrofluoro carbon HFC by cutting/their production consumption. => They have zero impact on ozone layer but are 100 times more potent than carbon-dioxide as green-house gas. => HFCs are usually used as replacement to CFCs, HCFCs. => With Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol, global warming also will be targeted. => The targets are different for different countries & assessed on their status as developed, developing or 3rd world country. => India after under 3rd world country, we are supposed to start HFC-reduction from 2028 & achieve 15% of 2010 level by 2014-25 by 2047. => Arresting ozone depletion is crucial not only to protect the environment but also to protect from its biodiversity.

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