Waste circularity is emerging as a sustainable solution to India's mounting solid waste crisis. Discuss the key principles of waste circularity and how effective have these measures been in fostering a circular economy? (Answer in 250 words)

Waste Circularity Model: use-waste-reuse-recycle-reduce with circular model Key principles of waste circularity: 1. Circular economy: minimizing waste 2. 3R principle: reduce, reuse, recycle 3. Waste as wealth: using waste for energy generation e.g. bio fuel from plastic Government Initiatives: 1. Swachh Bharat Mission Urban: focus on solid-waste processing e.g. Indore waste energy glare

4. Mission Life: for behavioral change of promoting circularity 5. Extended producer responsibility: for solid-waste produce e.g. electronic CFR 6. Banning single use plastic (below 120 mm) and focus on re-use plastic 7. Producer responsibility organization PRO: for solid waste connection PROs 8. Environment Protection Act: guidelines for urban-local bodies: solid waste monitoring 9. Global: Alliance for waste to energy adoption e.g. Global Biofuel Alliance Effectiveness of measures: 1. Disc in role of local body for solid waste monitoring e.g. data zapped model 2. Extended producer responsibility: promoted e-waste recycling centre e.g. Corrugon-e-waste centre 3. Shift from SUP to Duty, PVC reduce in plastic waste 4. Behavioral change in people e.g. not throwing waste, recycling 5. Biofuel to energy plant across nation 6. Swachh Bharat Mission has increased solid waste collection and recycling Challenges: 1. Lack of segregation of waste 2. Waste collection is informal e.g. GoI ___ 3. Late implementation of rules e.g. plastic usage 4. Local bodies lack funds e.g. only 10% of their fund 5. Solid waste increasing at exponential e.g. challenges in e-waste data

Way-Ahead: 1. Formalization of waste collection, PRO support 2. Timely report and urban local bodies waste collection fee e.g. Indore model 3. Extended producer responsibility: adopt compiling Thus, India civilization of solid waste and zeromateriam committee for waste collection