While examining the shortcomings of the land reforms in the past, elaborate what land reforms 2.0 should look like.

Land Reforms were the first socio-economic redistribution initiatives taken up in post-independent India, recognizing the disparity in land distribution. Land Reforms 1. Land ceiling limits i Abolition of intermediaries 2. Tenancy Reforms 3. Zamindari abolition 4. Cooperativization - land pooling 5. Bhordan/Grahaldan (Vinoba Bhave) Shortcomings of past Land Reforms: 1. Literal interpretation of supreme court - hindered socialist policies - lack PDS 77 DRCs 2. Lack of land policies wise - except West Bengal and Kerala where communist govt. was there, it failed in other 3. Nexus between policy implementers - political class - zamindars - hindered effective implementation 4. Loopholes - of exception to divided families - was misused to divide the land - rights within the family. 5. Exceptions - large commercial plantations (tea, coffee) - exceptions to land where sustainable investment were made 6. The land under Bhordan - were upfable, didn't any uncle addition 7. Oral tenancy agreement - lack of documentation led to eviction.

Land Reforms 2.0 should include: (1) Land records digitalization and modernization - National scheme for land record digitalization (2) Geotagging - Using technology like GIS (3) Land pooling - WEST MODEL - in MH (4) Sharecropping - for corporate farming - Resoluption = addressed fragmentation (758). Marginal farmers < 2 ha. (5) Drone mapping - SWAMITVA scheme - Property cards (6) Land dispute settlement tribunals - current avg age = 101 year NIB

Thus, there is a need for Land Reforms 2.0, that is based cooperation, coordination and collaboration under pilned digital technology.