Discuss the role of nanotechnology in enhancing agricultural productivity and food security in India. Highlight recent developments and potential benefits and risks of the use of nanofertilizers and nano-pesticides.

Nano technology refers to the use of atomic and sub-atomic particles, which has multitude of benefits, especially in the agricultural sector. [Heading: Role and benefits of Nanotech in agriculture] 1) Nano-fertilizers => recently FFO has launched urea nano-fertilizers, with benefits: a) greater nitrogen uptake efficiency b) better soil productivity due to targeted application c) limited run-offs => limited eutrophication of the water bodies d) cheaper than heavily subsidized

conventional urea for eg: Nano-Urea => Rs 300/kg (conventional => Rs 800/kg (after subsidy)) 2) Application of nano-silica on leaves reduced the evapo-transpiration => greater moisture retention and drought-prone crops. 3) Nano-pesticides => ensures bio-security of the crops, while eliminating weed. [Heading: Risks of Nanotechnology] 1) At the size of particles reduces, its environmental degradation capacity also reduces => greater danger to fields and produce. 2) Nano-toxicity from the unscientific application of nano-fertilizers. 3) Lack of adequate R&D on the ill-effects of farmer's health. 4) Consumption of nano-urea in food products => neuro-toxicity, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. 5) Limited diversification of nano-fertilizers => limited to urea => conventional DAP & MoP with nano urea can cause wilt crops.

Measures: 1) Adequate research & development in nano-tech in agriculture. 2) Prevention of bioaccumulation or bio-magnification. Thus, nano-technology can usher in improvements in crop productivity, but if-effects need to be managed.