Critically evaluate the effectiveness of public-private partnerships in the modernisation of railway infrastructure in India. Considering PPP as one of the major challenges of Indian Railways, what measures can be taken to improve the overall safety parameters of Indian Railways.

Railways constitute the second largest share of the transport bulk, with nearly 0.4 lakh crore outlay for railway development in union-budget 2023-24. Public-Private Partnerships in Railway: A Positives: 1) Improvement of efficiency in railway infrastructure. Eg: PPP in the Vande-Bharat trains. 2) Catering to the different use segments. => luxurious service development. 3) Development of railway tourism => swadesh Darshan train Units. B Negatives: 1) Poor private participation in improving Indian Railways, induced by lack of proper parks, train infra etc. 2) Railways are 100% India owned subsidiary stake controls become challenging. 3) High incident of train accident => more than 50 train derailments in past 2 years. 4) Lack of diversification in railway logistics transportation. 5) Poor multi-modality partnership.