'Separation of Powers' is a key feature of the American Constitution. In the comprehensive law context of the Indian Constitution's functional separation of powers which distinguishes itself from the US system. What are the advantages of a check and balance system over a rigid separation of powers?

Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws refers to Separation of Powers SOP which in India's functional serve exist as checks & balance mechanism. USA India ① Water-tight compartments ① No water-tight compartment President not member of legislature Executive part of legislature ② Presidential observancy ② Parliamentary form ③ Directly elected President ③ Indirectly elected President ④ President impeached by both houses ④ PM removed through loss of confidence in LS alone ⑤ Judiciary, separate federal state ⑥ Judiciary integrated

Advantages of checks and balance system [India's system]: ① Parliamentary form ensures part of legislature, hence closer accountability ② Indirectly elected ensures representation ③ PM removed through loss of confidence in LS alone ④ Judiciary integrated Advantages of rigid separation system [USA]: ① Water-tight compartments ensure non-interference ② Executive part of legislature ensures better accountability through legislative oversight ③ Directly elected president provides direct legitimacy ④ Separately elected federal and state judiciaries ensure checks Comparative Advantages: Checks and Balance System: ① Greater efficiency and flexibility in governance ② Executive accountability through legislative confidence ③ Faster legislation and policy implementation ④ Better coordination between branches Rigid Separation: ① Protection against tyranny through institutional isolation ② Greater checks on executive power ③ More stable governance through institutional separation ④ Better safeguards against concentration of power