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MEDHA ANANDAIR 13· 2023

Question 5GS2GS2

Equality under the Indian constitution is not merely about formal equality. It also incorporates the idea of substantive equality. Discuss this statement in light of constitutional provisions and relevant Supreme Court judgments.

Open scan (p.14)

Introduction

Art 14 of the Indian constitution provides for Equality Before law and Equal Protection of law, but that is only the tip of the iceberg.

25 words

Main Body

Equality in Constitution: - Art 14, 15 Equality, no discrimination - Art 29, 30 Cultural equality - Art 15, 23, 29 Ubiquitous SC, ST Incorporating ideals of substantive equality: (1) N.M Thomas case - Court gave explicit directions of adhering to the principles of substantive equality. (2) Constitutional Morality - In Ramakrishnan Prasad case SC held that constitutional authors also ubiquitouism and would work in favour of citizens. (3) Differential access - through cases like Maneka Gandhi (50% ceiling), Lok Pranaayi case (upholding EWSreservation) SC ensured substantive justice.

3Differential access - through cases like Maneka Gandhi (50% ceiling), Lok Pranaayi case (upholding EWSreservation) SC ensured substantive justice. (4) Reducing 'locus standi' principle - PIL has now become a source of enjoying substantive equality. Ex - Hunsainnaur Khatoon case, 40,000 undertrial were set free in Bihar. (5) Ensuring distributive Justice: Ex - in Pradeep Tarun case, law on "son of soil" principle were declared unconstitutional. c Right to environment - part of equality (M.C. Mehta Case) - as it lead to differential liabilities on rich and poor. g Progressive ideals - descriminalizing section 377 (Navtej Jauhar case), vitalizing guideline have ensured substantive justice. Thus, substantive equality is the north star of constitutional morality (Justice Chandrachud)
205 words1 paragraphs

Conclusion

Thus, substantive equality is the north star of constitutional morality (Justice Chandrachud)

12 words

Diagram

Diagram showing different types of equality under Indian Constitution: Art 14, 15 (Equality, no discrimination), Art 29, 30 (Cultural equality), Art 15, 23, 29 (Ubiquitous SC, ST)

Topper

MEDHA ANAND

AIR 132023

Subject & Paper

GS2GS2

Topic

Indian Constitution - Historical Underpinnings, Evolution, Features, Amendments, Significant Provisions and Basic Structure

Fundamental Rights

Right to Equality

Writing Stats

242

Total words

1

Paragraphs

analytical

Tone