Rajya Sabha has been transformed from a useless stepney type to the most useful supporting organ in the past few decades. Highlight the factors as well as the role in which this transformation is visible.

Rajya Sabha represents the interest of states in Indian federalism. Useless Stepney type: (1) No power with money bills (2) Very less powers with budgets (3) In joint sitting - chairman of LS presides and Rules of LS is followed under Running RS (4) Used to fulfill political aspirations of candidates through nomination (5) Chairman mostly favoring ruling party Transformation into most useful organ:

[Transformation into most useful organ - continued] Factors: (1) Ordinary bills: RS has equal power to deal with ordinary laws and LS cannot override it's decision eg: Competition act 2002 (2) Constitutional amendment bills: RS has equal power (3) Checks hasty and ill debated bills (4) Opinion of Experts: RS nominates members can give their invaluable expertise eg: Rajper Bajaj in law matters (5) Can delay bills for 6 months: It can give enough time to think by lok sabha Transformation into most useful organ: [Reasons] (1) Ordinary bills: RS has equal power to deal with ordinary laws and LS cannot override it's decision eg: Competition act 2002 (2) Constitutional amendment bills: RS has equal power (3) Checks hasty and ill debated bills (4) Opinion of Experts: RS nominates members can give their invaluable expertise eg: Rajper Bajaj in law matters (5) Can delay bills for 6 months: It can give enough time to think by Lok Sabha