Electoral bonds are a double-edged sword, proving anonymity to donors while raising concerns around transparency. To what extent have electoral bonds furthered legitimized opacity in electoral funding?

Electoral bonds are [[non-Interest bearing]] [[promissory notes]], introduced by Finance Act 2017, to ensure political funding is not dare using black money. In this context: © Transparency concerns of electoral bonds: 1. Bonds carry no ownership internumer. 2. Political party - [unclear] has no cancellation in disclose name of donor 3. Donor - no compulsion to disclose 4. If donor is a separate entity - no listing, no disclosure required. 5. Violates citizens' 'might be information', assess their representatives 6. Relevant concerns about foreign inter-ference vs corporate entities.

designated SBI bond brands ↓ SBI issued a PSU board - govt may have information about all donors ↓ [[information asymmetry, lack of level playing field]] In the same hire, may have increased homoparenting: 1. [FYCE] necessary to buy [[bonds]], bonds. 2. Have to be purchased digitally (ie, money is transferred digitally) it can be traced ↓ ensure black money does not come into political system. 3. Preserves privacy of donors. 4. SBI would maintain identity of all buyers for investigation later, if needed. Mechanics: 1. Would have of black money has been addressed with of premise security skill exam. 2. [[Concern of foreign interference has been voiced by election commission in CC]]. 3. Need to balance privacy and transparency. Way forward: - [[VOUNTARY DISCLOSURE]] (S5) by Sushakhand party [[IMM-received no for bonds from India]].

Question of gender equality is central to debate on UCE. What are the challenges in secularizing UCE with gender equality as enshrined in the constitution? The Uniform Civil Code (Article 44) is referred to as the "unfulfilled dream of the nation's founding fathers". Legislator equality is ensured in Articles 15-16 of the constitution. (and also Article 51, 56 etc.) Gender equality central to debate on UCE. 1. UCE deals with uniform personal laws (marriage, divorce, adoption, maintenance, inheritance, etc. - issues 2. India being a largely patriarchal society, personal law is bound against women. - More head 3. Examples: Hindu law - Female Hindu laws - maintaining of nd wife - differing age of marriage for boys and girls (14 and 18 respectively). 4. Hindu women did not have right to property before codification of Hindu laws.