Any federal system is found to have asymmetries, therefore spatial provisions are essential not only to come together but to hold together. Discuss in the context of Indian federalism.
Main Body
Granville Austin has rightly said that Indian federalism is a 'Cooperative federalism'. Cooperative federalism helps in dealing with asymmetries of any federation. Asymmetries in Indian federalism: (1) Vast Socio-Cultural diversities across all states, for eg: linguistic variation. (2) Varying level of economic development for eg: Maharashtra is more economically developed than Bihar. (3) Connectivity: Connectivity with some states are greater than others for eg: peninsular states Vs. North-eastern states. (4) Hilly regions: many hilly states like Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh have separate needs. (5) Bordering states: many states like West Bengal, Manipur [have] different law and order needs.
Diagram
Diagram showing Representation in RS based on population, Special provisions including Emergency provns based on Gradual Cmt. (5th Finance Cmt.), with 41 states = 8 north-east + 3 hilly state.
Abhishek Singh
Federal Structure - Functions, Responsibilities, Devolution of Powers and Finances
Federalism
Asymmetries in Indian Federalism and Special Provisions
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analytical
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