What are Rare Earth Elements (REEs)? Discuss the multi-dimensional implications of uneven distribution of REEs in the world.

Rare earth elements REE are the lanthanoid group elements which are of significant application in semiconductor defence, renewable energy, etc. [Diagram description: Distribution of REEs in the world - Map showing reserves in Kazakhstan, China, Myanmar, Australia, Brazil, and Bolivia] The uneven distribution and its localisation in a few regions can lead to various implications as it is called 'Vitamins of Modern Industry'

1. Threat to global supply chain due to protectionism and export restriction [eg: China's export restriction] 2. Weaponisation of trade [eg: China controls 90% of refining of REE and utilise this against other nations] 3. Threat to indigenisation of defence and space sectors 4. Import dependence leads to loss of 'strategic autonomy' 5. Difficulty in refining due to poor research, innovation in other countries India's ambition for a resilient supply chain through 'National Critical Minerals Mission' will act as forwards cover.