What is the rationale behind the 'three-language formula' in India's education policy? Also highlight the challenges associated with its adoption and implementation across the country.

NEP 2020 has revivified of three language formula that include two Indian languages & option of one foreign language. Rationale Behind three language formula: (1) Fulfill constitutional mandate of promoting primary education in mother tongue (Ref. Article 350A) - ASHER (2) Promoting regional language in the school curriculum (Ref.) - Bodo in North East (3) Better educational outcomes pursued if taught in mother tongue (Ref. ASER report (4) Exposure to foreign language for greater economic mobility in future (Ref. French mandatory for Paris (5) Recommended by Kothari Commission (1964-66) after Commission on education policy Challenges in adoption & implementation: (1) Resistance by states especially 'Non-Hindi' States (Ref. Hindsani by Tamil Nadu (2) Feeling of forced imposition of Hindi in many minority sections (Ref. - Karnataka in Maharashtra (3) Lack of teacher training in regional languages (Ref. Orissa) (4) Non standardized teaching material in local language lead to lower affiling. (5) Burden on students to learn 3 languages at primary level - (PRATHAM report (6) Insufficient examination framework including three language formula