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SAARC and BIMSTEC as examples of "functionalism" (David Mitrany) have their unique limitations in fostering integration due to ethnic and border issues. P. Stobdan notes how ethnic conflicts (NRC, Sindh, Tamils in Sri Lanka) and border issues in South Asia have a "spill over" effect that erode bilateral ties. Subsequently they prevent regional cooperation. For instance, SAARC as a body sidesteps bilateral issues and hence cannot