Prologue cataloguing causes of migration in India. Discuss leading constraints on migration on push and pull basis.

As per census 2011, total number of interstate migrant in India — 4.6 crore. As per PLFS migration rate in India — 23.2%. These could be owing to various factors CAUSES OF MIGRATION IN INDIA (1) PUSH FACTORS: - Lack of job opportunities - Disguised unemployment in rural areas - Lack of educational opportunities - Teachers-children ratio 1:200 in Bihar - Historical factors (Kalahandi Pandol) - Disaster involved - Migration from north Bihar due to floods - Displacement induced (2) PULL FACTORS — Reveal standard of living on urban areas - High targeted and job opportunities - Cities contribute GOA to GDP - Marriage and family reasons - Rising urbanization (by 21.4 percent expected to reach 50.5 % by 2050)

PULL FACTORS — Reveal standard of living on urban areas - High targeted and job opportunities - Cities contribute GOA to GDP - Marriage and family reasons - Rising urbanization (by 21.4 percent expected to reach 50.5 % by 2050) IMPACT OF MIGRATION: Rural: Positive | Negative | Positive Urban | Negative Urban - Rise in remittances | Perpetual upward divide | Labor supply (skilled in sectors) | Environmental pollution - Reduced migration | Devalued drive | (skilled in tourism) | Informal labor (low wage) - Skill shortage case due to labor scarcity | Rising unemployment | Demographic changed due to delayed marriage | Slum dwelling (housing, health, security) - Permitted in skilled sectors | Rising urbanization | Demographic changed due to delayed marriage | Proactive and collective Way Forward: (1) Balanced (Regional Development) | (2) Rural (anchorship Program) | (3) Rural (decentralized cluster Program) | (4) Railway changes to adjust demographic change | (2) Increase debt to women farmers)