What is the rationale behind the 'three-language formula' in India's education policy? Also highlight the challenges associated with its adoption and implementation across the country.

Kothari Commission in 1966 1st recommended adopting 3-language formula to teach students 3 language with 2 Indian language. Rationale: NEP 2020 proper formula for linguistic diversity and National integration. Academic and equitative benefit: alignment with SDG-4 shows benefit to equitable multi-lingual student education. Ensure alignment with Article 350A of Constitution (Primary education in mother tongue). Tribal language have given space.

Challenges associated: 1) Linguistic imposition (Federal Tension) - MH opposition by various section. 2) Policy ambiguity: no national consensus on which 3 languages to adopt. 3) Academic loss: focus on 3 languages could distract focus on one subject. 4) Conflict with NEP FLORUIT Clause - regional language vis Mothertongue. 5) Infrastructure constraints: 10 lakh teacher vacancy (NTH Aapad). 6) RTE Act 2009 uniform implementation. Education Vision could guide to linguistic, justice and equitable education.