Despite economic growth, multidimensional poverty continues to persist in India. Analyse the underlying causes and discuss the measures taken by the government to address them. (Answer in 250 words)

Causes behind persistent MDP: 1. Disguised unemployment in Agriculture (80% small farmers with family labor). 2. Nutritional Poverty: 35.5% of children stunty, 57% of women with Anemia (NFHS-5). 3. Informal economy: As per ILO, 25% of workforce without social security net. 4. Urbanization without habitation eg 43% of slum dwellers without piped water connectivity MOXHUP.

5. Social determinants of Poverty: eg State 44% of STs below poverty line (Soil Comes Data). 6. Gender injustices: eg - unpaired core economy burdens (Time Use Survey 2019) - only 30% without bank accounts. - feminization of agriculture without land entitlements (30% ownership, 25% west-land). 7. Structural unemployment 60% of workforce with skill mismatches with market CCE. 8. Poor educational enrolment only 45% in Higher education AISHE. Measures taken by the government: 1. Jan Dhan-Yogara for financial inclusion 59% women beneficiary (Economic Survey 2019). 2. Real time-dashboard on Poshan Tracker 2.0 eg Mission Indradhanush.

3. PM Svanidhi Yogara for street vendors empowerment. 4. Formalization drives eg. eCUBS crore new e-Shram postal CPFO subscriber in last 11 years. 5. Urbanisation empowerment PM Awas Yogara Smart city AMRUT. 6. Empowering the indigenous population eg. PM Samman Tribal, etc. 7. Gender Justice: Namo Didi Amendment, PM Nyaya Vandaa Yojana for equal participation. 8. Foundational Literacy (NEPUN Bharat) to Advanced upskilling (PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana).