Both India and the USA adhere to democratic principles but their electoral systems exhibit significant differences. What are the key differences in electoral practices between the two countries? (Answer in 250 words)

Both Adhere to Democratic Principles: (1) Democracy: Political leader chosen by people to head govt. Eg: PM, President. (2) Universal Adult Franchise: to all citizens but India gave it to all at time of independence while US denied to black, women. (3) Republic: Head of state elected by citizens directly or indirectly. (4) Protection of Minorities: By both constitution. Eg: Indian Fundamental rights & US I Amendment.

Electoral Systems Basis - I. Central Federal Government: (1) India DeJure Head: President but de facto head PM. President acts on advice of Council of Ministers (Art.74). (2) PM & Council responsible to part of Parliament (Art. 75(3)). (3) PM & CoM elected by people. (4) USA: President is both de jure & de facto head & is Supreme Commander (Art. II of US Constitution). (5) President & Secretarie not part of Congress. (6) President elected but Secretarie selected by President. II. Parliament/Congress: (5) Two House-Lok Sabha & Raja Sabha. (6) Equal representation in states in Raja Sabha (proportional to states). III. Electoral Process: (1) PM & Council of Ministers elected by People directly. (2) No such body. III. Judiciary: (9) Judges select Judge as per collegium (2nd & 3rd judicial). USA: (9) President nominate but senate confirms Supreme Court judges. (2&3 India are vibrant democracies & must ensure rule of law & democratic conditions to strive for posterity (Hardble DPi is US express joint stat)

Electoral Systems Table - Basis: Central Federal Government. India: (1) De Jure Head: President but de facto head PM. President acts on advice of Council of Ministers (Art.74). (2) PM & Council responsible to part of Parliament (Art. 75(3)). (3) PM & CoM elected by people. USA: (7) President is both de jure & de facto head & is Supreme Commander (Art. II of US Constitution). (2) President & Secretarie not part of Congress. (8) President needs 271 votes in temporary body called electoral college town. II. Parliament/Congress: (9) Judges select Judge as per collegium (2nd & 3rd judicial). USA: (9) President nominate but senate confirms supreme court judges.

III. Electoral Process: (1) PM & Council of Ministers elected by people directly. (2) No such body. IV. Judiciary: (9) Judges select Judge as per collegium (2nd & 3rd judicial). USA: (9) President nominate but senate confirms supreme court judges.