भारतीय हिमालय में विभिन्न प्रकार की हिमनदी भूआकृतियाँ और विक्रियात्मक महासागरीय परिसंचरण से उनका संबंध क्या हैं? ये स्थानीय पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र को कैसे प्रभावित करते हैं? | What are the various types of glacial landforms formed in the Indian Himalayas. How do these features impact local ecosystems and human activities?

Glacial landforms are formed by erosional or depositional action of glaciers.

The Indian Himalayas display these landforms.

Various types of glacial landforms include:

i) Lakes formed as after retreating glacier

ii) Valleys formed from glacial action

iii) Depositional landforms due to falling action of glaciers

iv) Mountain scales, ridges, due to glacial action

v) Drumlins / laterwater lakes

Notes: [Diagram showing U-shaped valleys and lakes]

Impact of these features on local ecosystem and human activities:

i) The presence of confers, shrubs and other tree species suited for the regions

ii) Agricultural activities suited for farming - horticulture crops such as apples, cherries. Crops such as kesar in farewells of Kashmir and lavender.

iii) Animal rearing - practice of transhumance by communities such as Gaddis and Bakarawals.

iv) Influence on architecture: stone and wood houses that are sturdy. Pit houses observed in some areas.

v) Economy mostly based on agriculture and tourism due to beautiful scenery (eg Adventure tourism, trekking)

Changing glacial landforms and associated human activities: