Modern universities serve a large body of students and teachers along with a host of books in the libraries. Examine the differences with modern universities in highlighting the differences in terms of funding, autonomy, structure and overall approach to learning.

ii) Education as an end in itself rather than means to an end.

iii) Highly educated scholars taking up the functioning of teaching students

iv) Focus on research and development.

v) Multi disciplinary approach.

vi) Autonomy to the institution to manage their own affairs.

The Nalanda and Takshashila functioned as greater centers of learning and were functioning over several centuries.

The revival of Nalanda Mahaviharas in Bihar with the help of several other countries - such as Southeast Asian countries paves to collaboration and revival of center culture of learning.

Revolutionary movement (1920-1930s) were seen in the incidents such as Kakori train robbery, Maniratoba garden conspiracy, bombing of the legislative assembly and killing of several prominent figures such as Col. Saunders.

There were in contrast to the Gandhian non-violent struggle.

Gandhian Philosophy:

However revolutionary movement was ideologically different because of the following :-

Despite different approaches, there were similarities in the ideologies too:-

Principles of secularism and communal harmony.

The ideologies influenced each other as can be seen from the following :-

i) Use of non-violent means by revolutionaries (eg Bombing of Assembly using fake bombs - to protest against the Public Safety Bill)

ii) Spreading the message of socialism by revolutionaries. (eg Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA))

iii) Gandhiji observed that violence was not easy in gandagraha — belief in individual action.

iv) Gandhiji's motto of "Do or die" by Gandhi

v) The motto of "Do or die" by Gandhi

Today, the ideologies of Bhagat Singh (revolutionary) and Gandhi have influenced our value system. It can be seen in the India's "No First Use" nuclear deterrent policy.