नालंदा और तक्षशिला जैसे प्राचीन भारतीय विश्वविद्यालयों को तुलना भारत के आधुनिक राज्य विश्वविद्यालयों से कीजिये। आधुनिक विश्वविद्यालयों में उनके कार्य को और अधिक कार्यकारी कैसे बना सकते हैं? (15 अंक) Compare and contrast the features of ancient Indian universities like Nalanda and Takshashila with modern state-funded universities in India. What lessons can modern universities learn from ancient ones to improve their effectiveness? (15 marks)

Two ancient Indian universities such as Nalanda and Takshashila showcase the richness of Indian literature and education system along with researches undertaken by them.

Takshashila was patronised by Kushane rulers and situated in present day Pakistan is much older than the Nalanda University patronised by Gupta rulers.

Similarities with modern state-funded universities:

Differences with modern universities:

i) Funded by multiple rulers over the years as opposed to centrally funded nuclear ones.

ii) Autonomous in their design and starting

They maintained their functions with full control.

iii) Catered to large Body students

iv) Multi disciplinary in contrast with modern universities that focus on particular disciplines

v) Research work was underutilised

Lessons that can be learnt by modern universities:-

i) Focus on dissemination of ideas, discourse and debate–a part of the process.