The Indian Constitution does not embody a strict separation of powers rather it introduces a system of checks and balances, with overlapping functions and interdependencies among the legislature, executive, and judiciary. Elaborate.

Supreme Court in Indira Gandhi

vs Raj Narain (case 1975) recognized

separation of powers as a basic structure.

However, it highlighted the inter-locking

nature [unlike which] strict water-tight [of USA]

Systems of Checks and Balances:

review of executive & legislative action

AS declared 99th CAN void [Article 13]

under Article 74/75 and 163/164

passed by legislature

under Article 323A / 323B

Ordinances under Article 123

judgement in lieu of full justice

under Article 142

by parliament

However, certain provisions

like Article 50 (separation of executive

from judiciary), Article 121 (non-

encroaching in judicial functions by legislature)

also indicate strict separation

of power functions.

Supreme Court in M.K. Singh v/s

Union of India expanded the scope

of Article 14 and 21.

Judiciary's Role in Constitutionalization

of environmental issues:

in Godavarman Judgement by sc

in MC. Mehta case

water in Subhash Gay case

enforce administration to provide

for deadlines initiative in

Vellore (Bethyu) Welfare Forum case

between environment and development

Eg Supreme court set up Pani Chipra

committee to review Chet-Shem Road

& However, this has sometimes

lifted towards judicial overreach:

after EIA studies are Sardar

Saroves dam, Harey meto cerched

Thus, there is need to balance

judicial activism with restraint.

Article 93 of the constitution

provides for the office of speaker.

However, recent instances have

put a question mark over conduct:

from opposition

money bills EG sadier Bill

opposition in question hour EG NCET

issue

under Xth schedule EG Manipur dal

of members to parliament committees

However, this has significant

effect on public trust:

Way forward:

always a speaker'

to President on ECI recommendation

(Dinesh Goswami Committee)

Speaker is the keystone of the

house, must exhibit statesmanship viz.

showmanship.