Why independent India failed to solve disputes

Inter-state disputes are increasingly becoming intractable problems and causing significant bad blood between states. Per killing on Assam border disputes. Constitutional and legal framework to enclose dispute. Inter-state Lawsuits under Article 263. Inter-state Water disputes (Article 262). River water boards for inter-state water disputes. Zonal councils for standing committee of inter-state councils. North-East council for inter-state council. Meetings between CMEs, chief secretaries, etc. Article 131 - original jurisdiction. These promote inter-state collaboration and communication and help resolve inter-state disputes.

Why independent India failed to solve disputes - continuation. Non-functioning of inter-state councils and zonal councils - they have remained non-functional. Have met only once or twice in 10 years. Political interests for settling water disputes. Regional and linguistic chauvinism. Attitude of no-compromise between states. Although committees have been formed, some disputes remain unsolved. A joins approach which is progressive rather than reactive must be followed. No nation can progress without coordination and synergy between all parts of the government. To promote this synergy, inter-state councils have been envisioned under Article 263. Role in promoting cooperation: Inter-state council harmonize centre and state relations (vertical). Both can communicate grievances to each other. Horizontal negotiation between states and other. Help them proactively solve inter-state disputes and ship other disputes from arising.

Continuation of answer - But inter-state council has been implem in its role. Meetings only once in last 10 years. Standing committee of ISC remains inefficient. Rise of other bodies like GST council, NITI Aayog. There is a need to revitalize ISC as it has immense potential to harmonize the relationship between state-state and centre-state. Recommendations: A permanent secretariat. At-least two meetings per year. Record along discussion in ISC before very 131 of Supreme Court. ISC along with other bodies can play a crucial role to make new silos in cooperative federalism.

Key functions of PAC: Studying the reports submitted by CAG to the President. Study the accounts and money withdrawn - demand grants from different ministries. Study additional grants that are asked by ministries and give consent. Any other function related to promote on the speaker decided. Steps to be taken to revamp PAC: Recommendations of PAC is only advising. Make it more powerful by adding clause that why recommendation was not amended to suit be explained. Following examples of UK, US, making CAG a peer-D) PAC and university PAC - CAG coordination. Provide research and secretariat support to PAC. Make PAC so fact-to-face pre-mortem committee rather a post-mortem committee with budget. Reduce ruling party dominance in PAC.

Keeping this in mind ISM PAC has suggested major reforms for ULB. Made constitution of state election commission and state finance commission (243-K) mandatory and uploading of audit and awards. Mandat for yellow towns. For million+ cities it has made entire 100% grant linked to performance (million+ challenge fund). In non-million+ cities it is 40% tied. It has made provision for additional grants for stressed cities, armour and Jail sector 1 minister.

Continuation of urban areas answer. Urban areas while constituting only 5% of area, 35% of population add almost 60% of GDP. Keeping this in mind 15th PAC has suggested major reforms for ULB. Made constitution of state election commission and state finance commission (243-K) mandatory and uploading of audit and awards mandat for yellow towns. For million+ cities it has made entire 100% grant linked to performance (million+ challenge fund). In non-million+ cities it is 40% tied. It has made provision for additional grants for stressed cities, armour and Jail sector 1 minister.