Discuss the major challenges in devolution of funds, functions, and functionaires to the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India. (Answer in 250 words)

The 73rd Amendment Act of 1992 constitutionalised the Gandhian dream of village self-governance.

Major challenges in devolution of funds

1. Vertical imbalance in devolution - less amount recommended by State Finance Commissions.

2. Horizontal imbalance - disparities in funds received by different panchayats.

3. Lack of Revenue sources - limited income of PRIs.

4. Non-binding nature of the recommendation of state Finance commission

5. Delays in appropriation of Grants made by 15th Finance Commission (4.3 Lakh crore Rupees)

Challenges in devolution of functions

1. Less than 50% states have devolved all the 29 points in 11th Schedule.

2. State legislations retain control in hands of state executives.

3. Non-uniformity in devolution of powers within states.

Challenges in functionaires

1. Non-uniformity in election of heads at intermediate levels.

2. Culture of funny leaders in such posts (eg Sarpanchpati) culture.

3. Absence of permanent secretary level staff in panchayats.

4. Limited role of reservation - women representatives often don't take part in meetings.

Way Forward

1. Increasing access to funds is Kerala's big bang model.

2. Developing all 29 items listed in the 11th Schedule.

3. Increasing sources of revenue generation.

4. Improving efficiency Harri Shankar tiger committee.

PRIs form the soul of India's participatory governance and their health is of paramount importance