Environmentalism surfaced in the form of many organised movements in post independence India. Discuss. (Answer in 250 words)

Need for protecting the vagueness of environment by human collective action has seen a fresh new life after Indian independence.

Chipko Movement: 1983, Narmada Bachao 2020-22 Save Aravalli, Narmada (Chipko Movement: 1973, Appiko Movement: 1985, Same Climate Change: Save Aravalli)

Many Organised movements :-

1. Chipko Movement - involved saving the commercial exploitation by outside companies in forest of Uttarskhand. (a) Women such as Gaura Devi, Sudesh Devi played key role. (b) Sudesha Bahuguna also led the movement.

(c) Initiatives like Hugging trees walking habits to tree were used.

2. Appiko Movement - on the similar lines of Chipko in the forests of Karnataka to come Tellings and deforestation of trees.

3. Narmada Bachao Andolan - uses led by activists like Medha Patkar against the displacement, exploitation due to dam on Narmada river.

Movements regarding temperature rise and climate change in support of global movements like #FridaysForFuture, #SaveEarth.

5. Environment movements for saving biodiversity, extinction of birds and animals by Bisbol community (Rajasthan).

6. Movements such as :-

(a) Save Aravalli florist led by women such as Amaita Khatcharya.

(b) Save Aravalli to protect encroachment on Aravalli in Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan.

(c) Protests against Silverline Project in Kerala.

New features of these :-

1. These are part of new social movements.

3. Use mass media, social media.

4. Do not have organised organisations completely but various individuals join.

5. Led by new middle class.

They have advantages that they are preserving ecological balance. 'Ecology is permanent economy' - Sundarlal Bahuguna.

6. Movements such as :-

(a) Save Aravalli florist led by women such as Amaita Khatcharya.

(b) Save Aravalli to protect encroachment on Aravalli in Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan.

(c) Protests against Silverline Project in Kerala.

New features of these :-

1. These are part of new social movements.

3. Use mass media, social media.

4. Do not have organised organizations completely but various individuals join.

5. Led by new middle class.

They have advantages that they are preserving ecological balance. 'Ecology is permanent economy' - Sundarlal Bahuguna.