Tourism in the hilly states is threatening to exceed the ecological carrying capacity of the region. Analyze the factors contributing to this trend and evaluate the potential environmental impacts of this phenomenon. What measures can be taken to ensure sustainable tourism in these states?

Tourism is one of the major actors of Indian economy contributing to 4% of GDP (2019-20), employment to 9% population and 3% foreign exchange earnings.

India endowed with beautiful mountains has prominent hill stations ⇒

Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand (with labels on map showing regions)

Fig.2 Location of major hill stations

Over the years, tourism has massively increased to hill stations during off-season.

Factors contributing to this trend:

a) Increasing disposable income

b) Development of infrastructure

c) Online booking sites

d) 'Homestay' initiatives

e) Under currents of globalization

f) Influence of social media

Consequences:

Potential environmental impact:

a) Deforestation

b) Landslides

c) Floods

d) Silting of land

e) Destruction of wildlife habitat

Measures needed: