Communalism gains strength from economic deprivation, and thrives in environments of social exclusion, creating fertile ground for discontent and division. Comment.

Communalism comes from economic deprivation: 1) Economic push practice one community, depriving others lead to discontentment eg - Muslims economically deprived during British rule led to communalism. 2) Leads to demand for preferential development based on religion. 3) Create religion oriented business groups eg - solidarity group. Communalism thrives in social exclusion: 1) Demand for separate system based on religious why when people feel they are out of system - eg - Demand for separate electorate. 2) Rise of communal politics as political use due of exclusion based on religion eg - Muslim league led by Jinnah & Mani. 3) Social exclusion leads to animosity and discord among people.

Unpiled with economic deprivation, social exclusion causes as economic deprivation secures equal access to resources. Communalism thrives in social exclusion: 1) Demand for separate system based on religious why when people feel they are out of system - eg - Demand for separate electorate. 2) Rise of communal politics as political use due of exclusion based on religion eg - Muslim league led by Jinnah & Mani. 3) Social exclusion leads to animosity and discord among people. The economic deprivation & social exclusion set ground for communalizing leading to illusion and disorder.