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Struggle against colonial culture:

A colonial culture emphasized on Indians as being illiterate and not able to govern themselves. Under white man's burden, Indian governance practices were sought to be reformed.

Further Macaulay's Minute showing hegemony of English language and western education led to revival of ancient practices and golden era of good governance under Manusmriti, Uptas etc.

Even in religion, missionary activities against old traditions led to both reform and revival (Eg: Shuddhi movement, Tableegh movement eti).

This led to not only national consciousness but also a new identity.