Although poor air quality is a perennial problem, it gets intensified during the winter months in Delhi-NCR. Explain. Evaluate the efficacy of existing measures to control air pollution.

Poor air quality in Delhi: (1) Population's high population of more than 16 core living in a very small area (2) Large industries with release lot of GHGs, SO2, NOx, nearby Delhi (3) Ongoing construction leads to release of lot of dust (4) Large vehicle pollution footprints, release harmful NO2 in air (5) Presence of many Brick killing (6) Continentality of Delhi, result in less wind to remove air pollution (7) No rain in winter also eases inhibiting reastor. Although it exacerbates during winter due to (1) Burning of farm paddy crops in surrounding region of Punjab & Rajasthan & over Pakistan (2) This pollution is carried in Delhi due to western disturbances (3) Extreme cold temperature (4) inhibit formation of rains & winds.

Present measures: SAFAL, Graded Action Plan, Emerald policy for vehicl, NCAP, Decrease stubble burning by techsols. Efficacy: (8) Mostly these measures are deployed only when the air pollution reach high around >500 AQI & in winter months. There box,

air pollution prevention must be practiced for entire year & not just when it is high. WAY FORWARD: (1) All year round monitoring of air quality (2) Biomass conversion of stubble (3) Uses of Biodcompegers for stubble (4) Move towards sustainable energy source FD EV, ETO fuel, CNG,etc. FD Increase EV fleet for public transport (5) Encourage public transport. (6) Improved conflict resolution mechanism (7) Strengthen healthcare & awareness, etc. We must act on these on worst footing as according to Lancet study, Air pollution decreased life expectancy of Delhi people by 15-20X. Thus, to save our lives we must do the needful