Discuss the geographical conditions responsible for the development of shola forests in the upper reaches of the Western Ghats. Highlight their ecological significance. (Answer in 250 words)

Shola Forests refer to the montane grasslands and shrubs in the upper elevation reaches of Western Ghats. These are found in - Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala. Geographical Conditions for their development: High elevation - These forests develop at high altitude peaks. Nilgiri mountains. Low Temperature - support growth of shrubs such as Nilkurinji & otter grasses. Precipitation - Moderate to high (75 to 150cm). Insolation - moderate to high insolation enables growth & replenishment of grasses. Soil Type - loamy red soil and yellow soil enable growth of shola forests. Climate - humid subtropical climate promotes their development in western ghats.

Ecological Significance: Biodiversity hotspot - shola forests are known to harbour endangered flora & fauna species. Nilkurinji flowers - bloom in 12-year cycle. Nilgiri Tahr in western ghats. Promote climate smart agriculture - Aromatic crops, medicinal crops. However these grasslands face several challenge - Growth of invasive alien species (Lantana camara), Deforestation due to mining, Urbanisation, Anthropogenic climate change. Need of the hour is to implement Mahseer Eagle Committee recommendation to preserve & protect these hotspots.