Question Q.19Discuss/ExplainGS1GS1

How do unplanned urbanization and unabated rural-urban migration contribute to the multiple woes faced by Indian metropolises? (15 marks, 250 words)

Introduction

India's Urbanisation is around 37% and projected to grow 55% by 2050. However, the trend is mostly Haphazard and unplanned contributing multiple woes

23 words

Main Body

Reason For Unabated Rural-Urban Migration leading to unplanned urbanisation:-

1Agrarian crisis: Economic Reasons

Agriculture Being Non-Remunerative due to High input cost, disguised unemployment, Fragmented land holding and poor market connectivity

2Human development

Semi skilled and Unskilled labours not Finding employment in rural areas.

3Increasing aspiration among Indian youth due to more Information availability about cities in ICT era

4Social Reason

casteism

Regressive Social Norms -> Forced migration For social mobility

5Availability of Opportunities - (By) middle class

Education (Primary to tertiary level)

Health and employment

6Improvement in connectivity at Cheaper rate.

Increases Affordability and Accessibility to urban Areas.

All above Factors cause Heavy top (Tier 1) cities causing multiple woes

1Social woes

-> Unemployment and underemployment (Income Insecurity and poverty)

Urban poverty is increasing (Multidimensional Index)

-> Slums and squatter development - poor Access to Basic needs creating vulnerability

9Education -> Illiteracy level

-> dropout due to language Barriers Among Migrant children

-> low Affordability

Health:

-> low life expectancy

-> epidemics

9COVID affected Migrants more

2Economic woes

-> low labour productivity (Poor Human-Resource development) - Unskilled

-> Job seekers attitude

->Unemployed largely -> Poor contribution to demographic dividend.

3Security issues:-

->Urban Naxalism

-> Support to Radicals by youth in Urban areas (9) ISIS terror groups.

-> Urban crime Increasing (9) Chain snatching in Delhi

4Environmental:-

-> High pollution (Air, water etc) -> Land use changes in Periurban areas. (9) Greater Noida Fertile land encroached.

dumping of Sewage

5Governance issue:- -> Under Representation

-> over stressed Urban Amenities

(e) Poor solid waste management -> landfill -> health Hazards (e) Brahmapuram landfill (Kochi)

(e) Taj mahal -> pollution From Delhi Fungal growth

7Hazards -> Encroachment of Wetland causing Floods (e) chennai Flood.

man-made Hazard -overcrowding and stampede (e) Mumbai Subway Stampede.

Thus direction of urbanisation is equally Important. It should be planned and regulated to ensure Quality of life in urban areas.

338 words16 paragraphs9 bullet points

Conclusion

This direction of urbanisation is equally Important. It should be planned and regulated to ensure Quality of life in urban areas.

21 words

Good use of statistics for context
Clear categorization of reasons

Open original scan

Page 47

Topper

Muthuarasi

AIR 225

Subject & Paper

GS1GS1

Topic

Indian Society

Urbanization

Rural-Urban Migration

Writing Stats

382

Total words

Paragraphs

Bullets

analytical

Tone