Discuss the geographical conditions responsible for the development of shola forests in the upper reaches of the Western Ghats. Highlight their ecological significance. (Answer in 250 words)

Geographical conditions responsible for development: (1) Elevation — high altitude to the range of 2000 ft. (2) Rainfall — orographic rainfall gives it immense moisture to grow. (3) SOIL — Organic soil of the Western Ghat — rapid growth. (4) Protection by the undisturbed valleys shale (hill peak) sided by good few of katabatic winds. (5) Sunlight — ample amount of sunlight, not hindered by the dense foliage unlike the middle Western Ghats. Ecological significance: They are called as 'Water towers' of the western Ghats. Habitat for several species like Magnacugle, shimmer Western Ghats (KAR). They provide moisture to other tree species, contribute to bio-communication, provide non-timber produce for tribal in the region for their sustenance, preserve medicinal plants that tribes of TN utilize for medication.

Sunlight — ample amount of sunlight, not hindered by the dense foliage unlike the middle Western Ghats. They are called as 'Water towers' of the western Ghats. Habitat for several species like Magnacugle, Shimmer Western Ghats (KAR). They provide moisture to other tree species, contribute to 'bio-communication'. Non-timber produce — for tribal in the region for their sustenance. Preserve of medicinal plants — Tribes of TN utilize them for medication. Threats: (1) However, recent linear projects like highway projects, cut through the eco sensitive areas. (2) Overtourism — leading to disturbance. (3) Hydropower project — Sharanski Pumped Storage Project by KAR — unregulated flowerings. (4) Unregulated flowerings — Wayamed, Chukkungus et al.