Explain the socio-economic transformations resulting from women's migration to metropolitan areas in India. (Answer in 250 words)

Reasons for shifting of labour intensive industries from China to Southeast Asia: (1) Rising labour cost in China due to economic development, leading to lower labour cost in Southeast Asia; (2) China's strategy - MNCs promoting diversified supply chain (e.g. iPhone); (3) Trade wars - China-USA trade wars and high tariff on China, industries shifting to escape tariff; (4) China's focus on advance technology based industries, changing economic base; (5) Friend shoring and Near shoring - Companies promoted to shift to friendly nations by Japan, USA etc.; (6) Incentives - e.g. PLI scheme by India; (7) COVID Disruption - Supply chain impact due to over reliance on China. Advantages for India: (1) Production base - companies establishing manufacturing units in India; (2) Reduce dependence on China and import deficit; (3) Employment - to generate employment, India needs BOHs jobs annually; (4) Integration with supply chain (Textile, RDI, Mobile assembly). Challenges: (1) Intense competition from Vietnam, Thailand etc.; (2) Increase in import of raw material and components by Mobile Phone parts; (3) Low value addition in India; (4) Poor Infrastructure (high logistic cost 13%).

Continuation of measures: (1) Value addition - based incentive, manufacturer ecosystem, improve training to build integration with supply chain (Textile, RDI, Mobile assembly); (2) Improve Infrastructure ecosystem - Port, Roads, Digital connectivity; (3) Training to global skill.