India was forced into numerous wars post Independence. Highlight the cause & impact of the Indo-Pak and Indo-China wars on our bilateral relationships.

India forced into numerous wars: (1) No first initiation by India, pushed to war to defend territorial sovereignty. (2) Implications: acted as security threats & caused resource pressure. (3) Disagreement by neighbour ex-china failed to recognise Indo-China treaty with British (pre independence). Causes of wars: (1) Indo-Pak wars - it was a result of intruder Pakistan.

Causes continued: (2) Underestimating India's power by general Dipak Khan post Sino-Indian conflict. (3) Liberation of Bangladesh from religious persecution by state. (4) To protect security of India's Northeast, New Delhi intervened in 1975. (5) Indo-China: Chinese advances in Himachal over territorial claims (Mao's policy). (6) It was a reaction to Tibet issue - India sheltering Dalai lama. (7) Chinese non acceptance to pre-Indian independence treaty with British - cites it wasn't party to it - rejects Mc Mohan line as border. Impact on bilateral relations: (1) With Pakistan.

Impact on bilateral relations with Pakistan: (1) Border issues continue - Pakistan raised devolution of article 377 in various forums. (2) Strained bilateral trade - India withdrew most favoured nation clause. (3) Terrorist in backyard - Pakistan state sponsoring of terrorism affects India's security - example 2000 parliament attacks. With China: (4) Tensions continue over eastern boundaries - example recent Jawang clashes. (5) No consensus on boundaries. (6) Sharing trade relations - India ban of Chinese apps over data security concern. Even so, efforts continue to ensure peace & stability in the region. Recent SCO summit, hosted by New Delhi gives a platform for dialogue.