Urban poverty in India persists despite high economic growth. What are the structural causes of urban poverty in India? Suggest appropriate measures to address the problem of urban poverty. (Answer in 250 words)

Structural causes for urban poverty:

1. Unemployment in urban areas due to lack of skills and & only 57-receive vocational training (NITI)

2. High population leading to competition for limited resources and jobs. Eg World Bank, 600 m people in urban areas.

3. Informalization of workforce leading to low wages and lack of social security.

4. High cost of living due to expenditure on rent, education, housing thereby depicting the savings.

Additional structural causes:

1. High cost of living due to expenditure on rent, education, housing thereby depicting the savings. Eg 88% out of pocket expenditure on health

2. Payer government support no job security scheme like MGNREGA engaged for urban areas.

3. Caste based discrimination causing lack of opportunities for SC/ST/OBC Eg 30% manual scavengers are Dalits.

4. Gender divide per women labor force participation leading to low household income @ urban women LFPR @ 25%.

Measures needed to address urban poverty:

1. Human measure development through skilling and education leading to higher productivity. Eg Earn under PM Kushal Vikas Yojana.

2. Public healthcare system with affordable treatment/medicines checking high out of pocket expenditure. Eg PM Tan digaya Yojani.

3. Facilitate private investment through labor market reforms creating jobs in urban areas.

4. Regulate through floor wages and social security fund for gig workers as point of Deba lady.

5. Urban work programme on list of MGNREGA can be engaged Eg Rajasthan Model.

6. Incorporate validity of schemes through state like One nation, one nation land.

7. Provide basic necessities like housing through PMAY(U) Eg 93 lakh needed houses.

Additional measures:

2. Public healthcare system with affordable treatment/medicines checking high out of pocket expenditure. Eg PM Tan digaya Yojnan.

3. Facilitate private investment through labor market reforms creating jobs in urban areas.

4. Regulate through floor wages and social security fund for gig workers.

5. Urban work programme on list of MGNREGA can be engaged Eg Rajasthan Model.

6. Incorporate validity of schemes through state like One nation, one nation land.

7. Provide basic necessities like housing through PMAY(U) Eg 93 lakh needed houses.