How India benefitted strategically from the contributions of Dr. Homi Jehanghir Bhabha and Dr. Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai in the fields of atomic energy, and space technology respectively? (Answer in 250 words) 15 Marks

Contribution of Dr. H.J. Bhabha: (1) Setting up of Dept. of Atomic Energy which started work on nuclear energy; (2) Developing indigenous 3-stage Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor which can run on locally available fuel i.e. Thorium, and could be manufactured by Russia with US support as US declined to help in India's nuclear program; (3) Overseeing the development of India's nuclear weapon programme; (4) Helping formulate policies to set-up nuclear plants in approximately 10 places; (5) Guided exploitation of radio-active materials like Uranium and Thorium in India.

Contribution of Vikram Sarabhai: (1) Established the department of space and started India's space programme; (2) Chief architect of India's first launch vehicle tested in 1977; (3) Collaborated with foreign space organisations to obtain new age technology like Solid boosters, cryogenics, etc.

Further elaboration on Dr. H.J. Bhabha's contributions including: (2) Overseeing the development of India's nuclear weapon programme; (4) Helping formulate policies to set-up nuclear plants in approximately 10 places; (5) Guiding exploitation of radio-active materials like Uranium and Thorium in India.

Contribution of Vikram Sarabhai: (1) Established the department of Space and started India's space programme; (2) Chief architect of India's first launch vehicle tested in 1977; (3) Collaborated with foreign space organisations to obtain new age technology like Solid boosters, cryogenics, etc.

Further contributions of Vikram Sarabhai: (4) Developed Satellites which can be used by India for strategic communication (like Army) and Remote sensing, earth observation, etc.; (5) Guided prodigies like Abdul Kalam and Nambi Narayanan who carried on India's space programme even after him.

Contemporary recognition: Today, India rightly pays tribute to these scientific pioneers - the 1st private launch vehicle by Skyroot was named Vikram-S, and every year Homi Bhakha science examination is conducted to invoke scientific temper in students.