Discuss the processes involved in volcanism. Highlight the major volcanic regions in the world and their associated tectonic settings.

Major factors leading to volcanism:

i) Shifting of the tectonic plates — converging and diverging plates leads to volcanism along major tectonic regions of the world.

[Diagram showing convergent plates and divergent plates with arrows indicating plate movement]

ii) Hot plumes — volcanic hotspots are formed when some areas are much warmer and lava flows out of them. (Eg) Yellowstone National Park USA

ii) Several species of birds, animals and plants call it home.

(e) Sandalwood is found in these ghats.

iii) Support agriculture and horticultural activities of the people living in the area.

iv) Major carbon sink aiding in carbon dioxide decline.

v) Treasure trove of traditional knowledge

Challenges faced:

Eastern Ghats serve as important part of geography and have ecological importance. The recommendations of committees such as Gadgil, Kasturirangan must also be applied there to form ecosphere zones in the region.