What are the criteria used to identify tribals in India? Assess the efforts made towards the integration of tribal communities after independence.

Constituting 8.6% of Indian population, the tribal population is located mainly central, and eastern India.

Criteria used to identify tribals

On the basis of such criteria the Government of India assigned Scheduled tribes and PVTGs status to tribal groups.

Apart from these [governmental classification] issues apart form there governmental classifications issued also make clarification on the basis of Permanent of acquired traits, Integration vs Isolation from main stream culture etc

2.Efforts After Independence.

Often diverging views such as integration as backward Hindus, isolation as unique social groups: the government of India adopted controlled integration maintaining uniqueness of tribal culture and empowerment of tribal population

Steps taken

Tribal Panchayel, tribal sub-plan, commission such as Dhabar Commission, regulations such as Protections of civil rights Act, SC/ST Protection against Atrocities 1989

Despite of these efforts, tribals are still facing violence: the recent violence in Manipur against Kukis and in Kuki tribes. is a living example to it