क्या-महान उद्योगों का बिंदु दक्षिण और दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया की ओर स्थानांतरण क्यों हो रहा है? इस संदर्भ में भारत के लिए लाभों और चुनौतियों पर चर्चा कीजिए। (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए) / Why there a shift of labour-intensive industries from China to South and Southeast Asia? Discuss the advantages and challenges for India in this context. (Answer in 250 words)

Reasons for shift of labour-intensive industries from China: (1) Rising labour costs in China due to economic advancement; (2) Geopolitical strategies of derisking, friend shoring; (3) Rise of [China +] policy to

Reasons for shift (continued): (4) Better economic opportunities with destination countries - (a) Bangladesh faces very low tariff on textile in USA due to least developed nation status; (b) Shift of China to more advanced manufacturing (e.g. Semiconductor, AI etc). Advantages for India: (1) Potential for tapping opportunities; (2) Textile sector footwear sector. Challenges for India: (1) Vietnam and Bangladesh emerging as hubs; (2) Unskilled population dampen opportunity (only 45% of population is formally skilled)

Challenges (continued): (3) Reducing dependence on China; (5) Trade deficit already exceeds $100bn. Advantages (continued): (2) Creation of employment opportunity - demographic dividend reaping; (4) More investments into industrial sector - Raise share to 25% of GDP. Measures needed: (1) Promotion of skilling; (2) Servification of economy (Raghuram Rajan's idea); (3) Vivad se vishwas - Jan Vishwas Bill - decriminalisation.