Discuss the geographical conditions responsible for shola forests in the upper reaches of the Western Ghats. Highlight their ecological significance. (Answer in 250 words)

Geographical conditions Nilgiris responsible for development of shola forests in upper reaches of Western Ghats: (1) Windward side of Western Ghats where monsoon winds bring huge rain and moisture. (2) Altitude of Western ghatt provides sufficient conditions for orographic rainfall.

Temperature and pressure conditions are like moderate to allow greenery. Soil structure of Western ghats comprise of vast minerals formed as a result of volcanic eruptions. Ecological significance of Sholas: (1) Distinct flora and fauna - Neelkurinj flowers that blossom once in 12 years, Nilgiri Tahr (2) Presence of endangered species - Lion Tailed Macquau (3) Existence of self sustaining ecosystem - Evariculam National Park

Contributing of ecological services of provisioning, conditioning, cultural etc. Means of aesthetic beauty - Gave kerala many facts writing on natural beauty. Way of economic development through tourism sector, Kerala's tagline 'Gods own country'. Livelihood for tribals who depend upon 'sal, Jungle, Tameen' for their survival. Global status to India's preservation. Ecological significance of Western Ghats and Sholas have rendered them status under UNESCO World Heritage. They need protection to prevent wavanad landslide - like events in future